Research related to this thesis is published as Quansah R, Jaakkola JJK. Occupational exposures and adverse pregnancy outcomes among nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Womens Health 2010; 19: 1851–1862 http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1876 Quansah R, Gissler M, Jaakkola JJK. Work as a nurse and a midwife and adverse Pregnancy outcomes: A Finnish nationwide population-based study. J Womens Health. 2009; 18: 2071–2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2008.1062 Quansah R, Gissler M, Jaakkola JJK. Work as a physician and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a Finnish nationwide population-based Registry study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009; 24: 531–536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-009-9369-0 Quansah R, Jaakkola JJK. Paternal and maternal exposure to welding fumes and metal dusts or fumes and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Int Arch Occup and Environ Health. 2009; 82: 529–537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-008-0349-6