Iran’s nuclear policy and national identity narratives

Nabipour, Pourya ORCID: 0000-0002-0976-0685 (2024). Iran’s nuclear policy and national identity narratives. University of Birmingham. Ph.D.

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Abstract

This dissertation examines the nexus between Iran's national identity and its nuclear policy through a social constructivist lens. This study posits that Iran's pursuit of nuclear capabilities is not merely a strategic or security-driven endeavour but is deeply rooted in the country's national identity. It argues that Iran's pursuit of nuclear capabilities, emblematic of national pride and sovereignty is intricately linked to narratives of modernity, justice, sovereignty, independence, and resistance to external pressures. It examines how narratives such as “modernity,” “justice and national rights,” “sovereignty,” “independence,” and “anti-oppression,” along with external factors such as sanctions and negotiations with the P5+1, have influenced Iran's nuclear policy across the presidencies of Khatami, Ahmadinejad, and
Rouhani.

The nuclear programme is seen as a symbol of technological advancement and modernity, reflecting Iran's desire to close the technological gap with the West and assert itself as a modern nation. This narrative is crucial for portraying Iran as a technologically advanced and independent power that deserves international recognition. The pursuit of nuclear technology is framed within the context of justice and national rights, emphasising Iran's right to develop nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. This narrative is used to justify the nuclear programme as a legitimate pursuit of national rights and justice, countering the perceived narratives of Western oppression and double standards. Sovereignty is a central narrative, with the nuclear programme representing Iran's assertion of its sovereign rights against external interference. The development of an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle is portrayed as a symbol of sovereignty and independence, which are linked to Iran's historical consciousness and desire to maintain autonomy in its domestic and foreign policies. The nuclear programme is seen as a means to achieve and maintain independence from foreign powers, reinforcing the country's self-reliance and autonomy. The nuclear programme is framed as a form of resistance against oppression and external domination, aligning with the broader narrative of anti-imperialism and defiance against perceived injustices.

International sanctions have played a critical role in shaping Iran's nuclear policy. Sanctions are perceived as unjust and oppressive measures aimed at undermining Iran's sovereignty and rights. This perception reinforced the narratives of resistance and justice, further entrenching the resolve to pursue nuclear capabilities as a form of defiance and self-reliance. The negotiations with the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the UN Security Council plus Germany) have been a significant external factor influencing Iran's nuclear policy. These negotiations are seen as a platform to assert Iran's rights and legitimacy, and negotiate from a position of strength, reflecting the themes of sovereignty and justice. The outcomes of these negotiations have varied across different presidencies, reflecting the changing dynamics of Iran's internal and external political landscapes.

During President Khatami's tenure, the nuclear policy was characterised by a more conciliatory approach, emphasising dialogue and engagement with the international community. This period saw efforts to balance the narratives of modernity and justice with the need for international cooperation and legitimacy. Under President Ahmadinejad, the nuclear policy took a more confrontational stance, with a strong emphasis on resistance and defiance against external pressures. Ahmadinejad's rhetoric and policies highlighted the themes of sovereignty, independence, and anti-oppression, reinforcing the narrative of Iran's right to pursue nuclear technology despite international opposition. President Rouhani's approach to the nuclear issue was marked by a return to diplomacy and negotiation, seeking to alleviate the economic pressures of sanctions while maintaining Iran's nuclear rights. Rouhani's policies reflected a pragmatic balance between the narratives of modernity, justice, and sovereignty, aiming to achieve a diplomatic resolution that would recognise Iran's nuclear rights while addressing international concerns.

This dissertation argues that Iran's nuclear policy aspirations cannot be fully understood through traditional realist approaches. Instead, a social constructivist perspective revealed the profound influence of national identity narratives on Iran's nuclear policy. By examining the interplay of these narratives with external factors, such as sanctions and international negotiations, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the motivations and implications of Iran's nuclear policy across different presidential administrations. This research employs a qualitative methodology and historical analysis, focusing on case studies of the aforementioned presidencies. This advances our understanding of Iran’s policy motivations and offers fundamental insights for policymakers and academics, suggesting that effective diplomacy with Iran should account for these deeply rooted national identity narratives.

Type of Work:

Thesis (Doctorates > Ph.D.)

Award Type:

Doctorates > Ph.D.

Supervisor(s):