The writing of “zhongyi” in medieval China: the conceptual transitions of loyalty from Han to Tang

Wang, Shihao (2023). The writing of “zhongyi” in medieval China: the conceptual transitions of loyalty from Han to Tang. University of Birmingham. M.A.

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Abstract

Zhongyi, regarded as one of the traditional virtues in Chinese culture, has been subject to scholarly discourse. However, some researchers argue that during the imperial period in China, zhongyi became a tool used by the ruling class to impose constraints and even suppress the subordinates. It is undeniable that, since the Song Dynasty, zhongyi’s narrow definition has been widely propagated by rulers to admonish officials against disloyalty and emphasize their obligation to be loyal to the emperor. However, prior to the Song Dynasty, zhongyi was not defined in such terms.

This study aims to examine the meaning of zhongyi, the characteristics of early zhongyi stories, and the potential political and social factors behind the composition of these narratives as depicted in the official histories of early dynasties and other authoritative sources.

Through this analysis, we can outline the development of zhongyi in the historical narratives of dynasties. In fact, zhongyi’s definition was more comprehensive in medieval China, raising questions about whom officials should be loyal to and the criteria for being a loyal minister. The depiction of loyal minister stories by official historians reflects the political, social, and cultural context of their time. Understanding traditional Chinese zhongyi should not be limited to a specific period’s rigid stereotypes but should involve accurate considerations that incorporate the backgrounds of different periods for precise reflection.

Type of Work:

Thesis (Masters by Research > M.A.)

Award Type:

Masters by Research > M.A.

Supervisor(s):